Under the conditions of the digital age variables in which we live has made great efforts in doing business to keep pace with the rapid and successive changes in all fields, and perhaps the positive interaction with this, especially in the area of management information technology variables will lead to innovation and creativity in business, and from the improvement in the management performance and the ability to quickly achievement . According to the experiences of countries that have a head start to benefit from the development of management information technology, however, respond to the digital age variables and take advantage of the administrative information technology and applications, has led to the emergence of modern methods and advanced standards of management differ from those used traditional methods, and perhaps this is why the developed and developing countries alike, to work significant investments in the establishment of the necessary infrastructure to facilitate the use of management information technology, and the shift towards e-governance, we have management information technology has become a key element and important in all institutions of different types and terms of reference for being an important tool in doing business in an efficient, accurate and fast, as well as for their ability to meet the new challenges posed by the information revolution, leading to a real increase in the efficiency and effectiveness of community institutions.
Since the late twentieth century and with the beginnings of atheist and the twentieth century, there has been a huge boom in the field of technology on a global level, it resulted in the need to use all the institutions modern management patterns keep pace with the technological development, and emerged from among these patterns of what became known as e-government, which has enabled many institutions, including the schools of processing documents and administrative operations electronically, led to the decline of the paperwork, and the abandonment of traditional management methods to be replaced by electronic management. Thereby increasing the need for comprehensive changes in the methods and structures and legislation underpinning the traditional management, to provide opportunities for the application of e-governance.
With this rapid rhythm in the area of management information technology, beliefs and old habits were taken into administration is falling apart in front of this technical crawl, making the owners of these convictions were forced to make drastic the changes, and become your Computer and telecommunications networks are two examples imposed themselves on contemporary management thought and has become indispensable them in the Department's work in the community educational institutions and non-teaching, a desire to achieve quality output, saving costs and speed of delivery, and the transparency of transactions.
And so that education institutions keep pace with modern developments and take advantage of the modern age, it is necessary to modernize the school administration, to take advantage of information technology and the adoption of modern management methods is accurate and flexibility at the same time on all administrative levels through automation Mechanization of school management and linking administrative tasks Computer networks local and global, in order to achieve the speed of delivery and at the same time, the quality of management performance.
It almost held consensus that the shift towards e-governance in schools can not be achieved without the qualification of human elements that deal with electronic technology, which requires attention to training for the development of technical capabilities and scientific competence in the field of information and communication technology in managers, in order to help them knowledge so as to achieve the application of e-governance and the ability to deal with them effectively. And here comes the urgent need to train school principals on the necessary training needs to deal with the e-governance through the provision of intensive training programs and distributed relevant to the work of managers in schools, which should be released from their training needs related to the skills of dealing with the computer and how to deal with the networks and applications and related programs e-governance, and how to store and retrieve information and data, as well as requirements related to information security and confidentiality of data.
However, the e-governance in general education schools in developing countries, the application is still facing a lot of difficulties and problems arising from the process of change, which transformed without the benefit of data technological era and play its part in the development and construction sung by these countries in all fields, creating a gap between management education and the use of modern technology, has also led to a clear divergence in the school administrations efforts through application of electronic management, and may even sometimes personal judgments during the application of e-governance.
From this point there was a need for this paper to determine how the introduction of e-governance applications in general education schools as an input for the development of administrative work in schools to keep up with the digital age requirements, and to achieve that reviewed the current paper the following themes:
- The concept of e-governance, objectives and characteristics, the most important elements.
- Justifications that calls for the transition to electronic school administration.
- The areas of application of e-governance in schools.
- The application of e-governance requirements of schools.
- Obstacles that limit the e-governance application in schools.
- Availability of necessary skills in e-governing body in the schools.
- The necessary human element of training needs in e-governance.
The following is a detailed presentation for each axis of these themes:
1. The concept of e-governance Management Electronic
It appeared in the modern management of Information Technology of the term of the times and is spreading dramatically in the administrative all sectors to work, and I have taken a lot of states these techniques and worked on the inclusion in its institutions, and the announcement of the e-governance application in accordance with the decree and specific objectives of the plans, but the use of these techniques does not help to achieve the desired objectives in administrative work, without the availability of the human race is able to use and benefit from them, and the availability of transparency in dealing with administrative information.
The concept of e-governance as one of the modern concepts in contemporary management thought, it is a new style, leaving the technological effects on corporate governance and on strategies and functions, and the fact that these effects do not go back only to the technological dimension of digital technologies, but also extended to the administrative dimension of the development of management concepts that have accumulated for many decades, and became working to achieve greater administrative flexibility in the administrative empowerment.
Perhaps the idea of electronic management goes far beyond the concept of mechanization own departments work within the institution, to the concept of data types in the information integration and use of such data and information to guide policy and procedures of the organization towards achieving its objectives and provide the flexibility needed to respond to the variables successive either internal or external. Thus, the electronic management include all management components of the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation and stimulating, but it is capable of synthesis of knowledge on an ongoing basis and development of information infrastructure within the organization are achieved integration of vision, and this is what led many theorists of contemporary administrative thought to consider it as the completion of administrative functions efficiently and effectively using information and communication technology to achieve the organization's goals.
Perhaps this is why the (Star, 2009) to say that the electronic management means the ability of the various sectors to provide services to citizens and complete transactions online quickly and accurately Mtnahitin and the cost and effort less agree with him (Yasin, 2005) in a "business system and the activities carried out electronically to complete the work by using electronic systems and methods across networks, "and thus the electronic management is considered the use of means of electronic and techniques with all the required practice or regulation or the existing procedures for the outstanding potential of the Internet and business networks in the planning, organizing, directing and controlling without limits in order to achieve objectives.
This means that from the point of view (Hassan, 2009) that e-governance is not work to be completed via the World Wide Web (Internet) or via the internal network (intranet) and also not the exchange of files and information process within or between them and other organizations area (Extranet) as far as is the use of the product of the technical capacity to improve management hardware performance levels and raise their efficiency and enhance their effectiveness in the exchange of information and provide services to citizens and businesses at high speed and low cost, while ensuring the confidentiality and security of transmitted information, has pointed out (Azmi 0.2008) indicates that e-governance is the "management strategy the information age, working to achieve better services to citizens and enterprises, with the exploitation of optimal sources of information available through the employment of the physical and human resources available in a recent letter the framework in order to exploit the optimum time, money, effort and investigation target required quality demands. "
I have reported (Radwan, 2004) definition of e-administration in which he stated as "the process of automating all the tasks and activities of the administrative organization, depending on all the necessary information technology, access to achieve new management objectives in reducing the use of paper and simplify procedures and eliminate red tape and rapid achievement and precise tasks and transactions to be each department is ready to connect them with the e-government later. "
It (Sairafi, 2007) that e-governance "is a set of efforts that rely on information technology to provide products for their students through the computer and seek to alleviate the problems caused by student products deal with individuals to help achieve efficiency and effectiveness in organizational performance."
The (Yunus 2015) have electronic management school known as the sum of administrative processes and equipment that allow the use of electronic means for the application of information and communication technology in the implementation of school business efficiently, leading to the development of the school administrative management and improve the services provided to beneficiaries of the students and parents in all management processes school.
Perhaps the above definitions, all confirm that the electronic management system depends on the organization by using electronic means to conduct their transactions and communicate with their clients or beneficiaries of their services, or communication between the employees and the regulatory authorities, in order to facilitate the implementation of administrative, regulatory actions by commensurate with the development of the incident in the field of information technology. The above definitions suggest that e-governance is characterized by the following tags results:
1. administrative process they benefit from the outstanding potential of the Internet, which achieves high-speed in the completion of administrative processes remotely.
2. it depends on the transition from managing things to the digital management.
3. It means moving from a hierarchical organization to a network organization.
4. Non-compliance with the limits of time or space.
5. rely on smart management information systems, using computerized systems and technologies include the ability to think and vision, learning and understanding and the development of the significance of the public context of the information produced.
6. shift from functional central to decentralization and to the information and work-based teams through flexible organizational structures rather than through the individual, no matter how his genius.
2. The objectives of the school e-governance
Can electronic management of the school level to achieve a set of goals through the optimal use of information and communication technology, and through the appropriate use of information systems and scientific and practical knowledge related to them. Among the goals that can be achieved by electronic management in general:
- Development of management processes, and enhance the effectiveness of the education goals of service.
- Reduce impediments to management decisions by providing data, information and linking them to decision-making through the use of management information technology.
- Facilitate the way access to services and information from clients with the school at any time, and allow the beneficiary request the services offered by the school directly and quickly and easily anywhere in the world without the complexity.
- The possibility of doing business remotely, whether teachers or school staff employees or beneficiaries of those schools services. That shows a positive impact in reducing the need for mobility, and then it helps to reduce congestion in the cities, and ease the burden on the state and the citizen.
- Reducing the use of paper in administrative work, and the consequent lack of accumulation of leaves, and the reduction of paper-based archiving, preservation and other businesses.
- To achieve the strategic objectives of the educational senior management, by providing comprehensive and accurate information and data that facilitate the decision-making processes appropriate to deal with the digital age.
- Helping to achieve the common link between various schools and education departments and directorates of education and the ministry, and thus provide the service from one gate to the public as a single unit regardless of the number of departments involving underneath.
- Help senior managements of educational reorganization and restructuring of administrative systems, and initiatives to encourage creativity and innovation, and open new channels to provide services and improve the image of schools and services, and the elimination of intermediation and improve the level of service and relevance to the needs of beneficiaries.
- Provide educational services to citizens easy, fast and cost-effective manner, and to reduce the friction between the school staff and nationals, and to provide all information about the laws and administrative regulations relating to education of citizens on the Internet to know the regulations that govern and regulate education in schools.
- Get rid of some forms of corruption and mismanagement, and to achieve transparency by making information available equally to all school staff and parents.
In any case, it could be argued that the main objective of electronic management of school is to improve the quality of services provided to beneficiaries in general, and to help the school to computerize its operations in line with the achievement of the goals of education in the community.
